Andrei Tarkovsky’s comments on Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey highlight an essential dichotomy between two of the most influential science fiction films in cinema history. Both 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and Tarkovsky’s Solaris (1972) examine human nature in a cosmic context, but they do so in fundamentally different ways. While Kubrick explores humanity’s insignificance and the universe’s cold indifference, Tarkovsky delves into the emotional and philosophical intricacies of human experience. This analysis explores these films’ thematic, narrative, and aesthetic approaches, focusing on what they convey about human nature.
Narrative Structure and Approach to Space
Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey presents a grand, almost sterile depiction of space exploration. It uses a three-part narrative structure that spans from the dawn of man to the far reaches of the universe. The film emphasizes the evolutionary progression of humanity, questioning our place in the cosmos. The narrative is more abstract and enigmatic, with minimal dialogue and slow pacing that forces the audience to reflect on the sheer vastness and mystery of the universe.
In contrast, Tarkovsky’s Solaris offers an intimate, emotionally charged narrative. It unfolds primarily through the lens of psychologist Kris Kelvin, who travels to the planet Solaris to assess the mental state of a space station crew. Unlike 2001, Solaris does not focus on cosmic exploration; instead, it is a psychological journey that delves into memory, guilt, and love. While Kubrick presents space as a silent, indifferent expanse, Tarkovsky uses space as a canvas to explore the human psyche and emotions. Solaris becomes an introspective experience, emphasizing human vulnerability rather than cosmic grandeur.
Thematic Exploration: Technology vs. Humanity
Kubrick’s 2001 is deeply concerned with the interplay between technology and humanity. The film’s depiction of HAL 9000, an artificial intelligence that gains sentience, illustrates humanity’s dependence on technology. HAL’s malfunction and subsequent breakdown reflect the potential dangers of technological advancement, suggesting that humanity might not be prepared to wield such power responsibly. The film presents an ambiguous outlook on progress, ending with the Starchild’s appearance, symbolizing a new evolutionary step for humanity—whether hopeful or foreboding remains open to interpretation.
In Solaris, technology is less a focal point than human emotion and memory. Tarkovsky portrays technology not as a threat but as an enabler of a profound psychological and emotional confrontation. The mysterious ocean of Solaris conjures physical manifestations of the crew’s innermost regrets and desires, compelling them to confront their unresolved pasts. The film raises questions about the human condition, including the nature of love, the pain of loss, and the difficulty of communication. Unlike 2001, which often seems to argue for human insignificance in the face of a vast universe, Solaris focuses on the inner universe of human emotions, portraying it as equally mysterious and boundless.
Visual Aesthetics and Cinematic Language
Kubrick’s 2001 is known for its meticulous visual style and groundbreaking special effects. The film’s use of long, slow-moving shots conveys the vast emptiness of space. Kubrick’s choice of classical music, such as Strauss’s “Also Sprach Zarathustra” and “The Blue Danube,” evokes a sense of the sublime, adding a layer of cultural and philosophical depth. The silence in the vacuum of space, coupled with the vast, unfeeling celestial bodies, underscores the film’s central theme: the indifference of the universe to human existence.
Tarkovsky’s Solaris employs a more meditative and naturalistic visual style. He emphasizes the emotional and spiritual aspects of human experience through the use of lingering shots and rich imagery, such as the repeated references to water, earth, and the natural world. The interior spaces of the space station are cluttered and lived-in, contrasting sharply with the sterile environments of 2001. Tarkovsky’s use of sound is equally important; the ambient noises within the station, coupled with the haunting, minimalist score by Eduard Artemyev, create an atmosphere of psychological tension. Unlike 2001, where space is an inhospitable void, Solaris uses the space station as an extension of the characters’ inner turmoil.
Philosophical and Emotional Underpinnings
The philosophical undercurrents of 2001: A Space Odyssey revolve around existentialism and the unknowability of the cosmos. Kubrick’s narrative suggests that humanity’s quest for knowledge might lead to transcendence, yet it also implies that there are limits to human understanding. The monolith serves as a symbol of higher intelligence or forces beyond human comprehension, leaving the viewer with an ambiguous, almost agnostic view of the universe.
In Solaris, Tarkovsky takes a more human-centered approach. The film is less concerned with the cosmos’ mysteries and more with the mysteries within the human heart and mind. It questions whether we can ever truly understand another being, whether human or alien. The ocean of Solaris acts as a mirror, reflecting the characters’ deepest fears and desires, forcing them to confront their flawed, human nature. Tarkovsky’s perspective is one of introspection, suggesting that the pursuit of external knowledge is secondary to understanding our internal complexities. This focus on emotional and spiritual redemption contrasts sharply with Kubrick’s exploration of humanity’s evolutionary destiny.
Reflections on Human Nature
Kubrick’s 2001 suggests a somewhat pessimistic view of human nature. The film portrays humanity as caught in a cycle of technological advancement, driven by an almost primal urge to transcend its limitations. Yet, it also implies that in striving for this transcendence, we might lose touch with our humanity, as seen in the sterile, mechanized interactions aboard the spaceship. The final transformation of the protagonist into the Starchild leaves open the question of whether humanity’s evolution leads to a higher state of existence or simply another form of incomprehensible alienation.
Solaris, on the other hand, presents a more compassionate but equally complex view of human nature. It portrays humans as beings driven by love, memory, and regret, often haunted by their pasts. Tarkovsky emphasizes that while the cosmos may be vast and incomprehensible, the true enigma lies within the human soul. The characters’ interactions with their “visitors”—embodiments of their innermost thoughts—reveal that the ultimate journey is not into space, but into the self. Tarkovsky suggests that the reconciliation of our past and the acceptance of our emotions are crucial aspects of what it means to be human.
Final Word
While both 2001: A Space Odyssey and Solaris explore the intersection of human nature and the cosmos, they approach their subject matter from vastly different angles. Kubrick’s film presents a cold, grandiose exploration of humanity’s evolution and the universe’s indifference, highlighting the dangers and ambiguities of technological progress. In contrast, Tarkovsky’s Solaris delves into the human psyche, using the cosmos as a backdrop for a deeply personal and emotional narrative about memory, guilt, and love. Together, these films offer a comprehensive examination of human nature, contrasting the external pursuit of knowledge with the internal struggle for self-understanding.
Kathan’s lifelong love affair with cinema began when his father introduced him to the magic of the silver screen at an early age. Ever since that first flicker of light in the darkened theater, he has been captivated by the power of storytelling through moving pictures. A deep thinker at heart, Kathan is particularly drawn to films that explore the complexities of grief with nuance and depth. This is why Arrival stands as his all-time favorite—a film that resonates with him on a profound level, merging science fiction with an emotional narrative that delves into loss, love, and the human condition.